Yes, but only under certain conditions. When a specific event, of a professional or family nature, justifies your taking over the rented premises, you can enter into a lease for a period of less than 3 years but at least 1 year (art. 11, al. 1 law n°89-462 of July 6, 1989).
In this case, you must inform your tenant of the event at least 2 months before the contract expires. Otherwise, the lease will be deemed to be for 3 years. The same applies if the event in question does take place (art. 11, al. 2 and 4 of law n°89-462 of July 6, 1989).